Carl Ransom Rogers was an American psychologist who was one of the founders of humanistic psychology and was known especially for his person-centered psychotherapy.
Born: 8 January 1902, Oak Park, Illinois, United States
Died: 4 February 1987 (age 85 years), La Jolla, San Diego, California, United States
Influenced by: Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Otto Rank, Kurt Goldstein
Children: Natalie Rogers, David E. Rogers
Parents: Julia M. Cushing, Walter A. Rogers
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Based on the search results, here is an overview of key concepts from Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Otto Rank, and Kurt Goldstein, often discussed together in historical and personality theory texts.
1. Carl Jung (Analytical Psychology)
- Key Concepts: Developed a personality typology (introversion/extroversion), the collective unconscious, and archetypes.
- Focus: Introspective and symbolic therapy, focusing on deep self-exploration and integration of unconscious elements (shadow, anima/animus).
- Break with Freud: Parted ways due to insurmountable differences regarding the sexual factor and a deeper focus on spirituality in mental life.
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- Alfred Adler (Individual Psychology)
- Key Concepts: Gemeinschaftsgefühl (social interest/community feeling), superiority/inferiority complexes, and lifestyle analysis.
- Focus: Practical, goal-oriented therapy, focusing on overcoming feelings of inferiority, fostering social interest, and addressing "life tasks" (work, friendship, love).
- Personality Types: Adler identified four types: the ruling type, the getting type, the avoiding type, and the socially useful type.
- Positive Psychology Precursor: Regarded as a "first force" psychologist whose work, focusing on self-actualization, anticipated positive psychology.
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- Otto Rank (Psychology of the Will)
- Key Concepts: Formulated a "psychology of the will" that emphasized self-creation and artistic creation.
- Focus: Studied the "birth trauma" and separated from Freud by focusing more on the present conscious will rather than just historical, unconscious, and sexual factors.
- Existentialism: Viewed as a precursor to existential psychology, focusing on human heroism and the "theological being"
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- Kurt Goldstein (Holistic/Organismic Theory)
- Key Concepts: Known for his holistic system and organismic approach to psychology.
- Focus: Studied brain-injured patients to develop a theory of self-actualization, viewing the organism as a whole entity striving to realize its potential.
- Context: Associated with the neo-Freudians and humanistic psychology, similar to Rank and Adler.
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- The provided search results indicate these individuals are covered in the following types of resources (as PDFs):
- "Personality Theories - Critical Perspectives"
- "The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology" (containing info on Rank)
- "Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler" (Adler Institute)
- "Contemporary Theories and Systems in Psychology" (containing info on Goldstein)
- "The Psychology Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained" (overview of major theorists)
Note: For direct access to books or academic papers, you can search the titles provided in the snippets within academic databases like ResearchGate, Scribd, or Academia.edu - MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
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- Best Psychology Books on Human Behavior
- Thinking, Fast and Slow (Daniel Kahneman): Analyzes the two systems driving thoughts—fast/emotional and slow/logical.
- Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (Robert Cialdini): Explores the principles behind why people say "yes".
- Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst(Robert Sapolsky):Examines the biological, neural, and evolutionary causes of behavior.
- Predictably Irrational (Dan Ariely): Explains the hidden, systematic, and irrational forces that influence decisions.
- The Laws of Human Nature (Robert Greene): Explores the motivations behind human actions and social interactions.
- The Power of Habit (Charles Duhigg): Examines the science behind how habits are formed and changed.
- Man's Search for Meaning (Viktor Frankl): A, foundational, psychological, and, philosophical, look, at, human, motivation, through, adversity, Quora.
- How Emotions Are Made (Lisa Feldman Barrett): Explores the constructivist theory of emotions and the brain.
Where to Find These Books
While copyrighted, many foundational, academic, and out-of-copyright works can be found on reputable, free platforms:- Internet Archive (archive.org): A vast, free, library, offering, many, digital, texts, and, psychology, books, for, download, Internet Archive.
- Google Scholar: Often, features, free, PDFs, of, academic, articles, and, foundational, books, on, behavior,.
- Project Gutenberg: A, source, for, free, ebooks, including, classic, works, by, psychologists, like, Freud,.
These books are highly regarded for providing actionable, research-backed insights into understanding why people act the way they do, with many recommended for in-depth study, Sparring Mind.Show all
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